StuW Sonderheft NeSt 2025

StuW Sonderheft NeSt 2025

Abhandlungen – Steuerwissenschaften

S77

Koch / Scheider – The Known Unknown: Tax Avoidance by European Multinationals

Appendix Appendix 1: Geographic Breakdown of our final Sample

Appendix 3: Illustrative Assignment of Lines directly from Tax Reconciliations

Item Citation from tax reconciliation ETR „ Effective tax “ , „ Tax expense for the year “ , „ Total tax charge for the period “ „ Tax rate applicable in Germany “ , „ Taxes at Belgian rate “ , „ Theoretical income tax expense, calculated on the basis of the applicable corporate tax rate in effect in Italy “ , „ Income tax calculated using the expected weighted-average tax rate “ , „ Weighted average tax based on national tax rates “ „ Lower taxes on overseas earnings “ , „ Overseas tax levies and austerity taxes “ , „ Foreign tax “ , „ Overseas tax credit “ „ Tax losses for which no deferred income tax was recognized “ , „ Tax loss for the year for entities not fiscally integrated “ , „ Use of unrecognized tax loss carryforwards “ , „ Effect of recognition of previous non recognized deferred tax assets “ , „ Change in recognition of deferred tax assets “ , „ Ef fect of deferred tax assets not recognized in prior years “ TFINDE „ Non-taxable income “ , „ Decrease in tax expense due to tax-free income “ , „ Tax-exempt income “ , „ Effect of non-deductible items “ , „ Non-deductible expenses “ , „ Increase in taxes due to non-tax-deductible expenses “ TTR DTR TLDT „ Effect of R&D tax credit claims “ , „ R&D credits “ , „ Fiscal benefits “ „ Tax effect of share of results of joint venture “ , „ Impact of the change in tax rate “ , „ Withholding tax “ , „ Other items “ TC OE

Country

Observations

Austria

42 74

Belgium

Switzerland

394 515 157 103 130 536 987

Germany Denmark

Spain

Finland France

Great Britain

Ireland

65

Italy

193

Luxembourg Netherlands

6

195 105

Norway Poland Portugal Sweden

38 37

408 3985

Appendix 2: Industry-level Breakdown of our final Sample

Industry

Observations

Automobiles and Parts

74

Basic Resources

141

Chemicals

164 206 239 104 197 262 414 762 222 109 220 127 257 136 100 77

Construction and Materials

Consumer Products and Services

Energy

Financial Services

Food, Beverage and Tobacco

Health Care

Industrial Goods and Services

Insurance

Media

Personal Care, Drug and Grocery Stores

Real Estate

Retail

Technology

Telecommunications Travel and Leisure

Utilities

174 3985